Service Animals Vs Emotional Support Animals

Aside from miniature ponies, almost all service animals are dogs. Examples of tasks performed by service animals include assisting those who are visually or hearing impaired people, helping pull a wheelchair, retrieving items such as medicines or cell phones, recognizing and assisting people with seizures, alerting to a specific metabolic shift (e.g., hypoglycemia), or interrupting people suffering from compulsive or destructive behavior disorders.

One gray area to some folks may be psychiatric service dogs (PSD), which are viewed as working animals and have been trained to perform specific trained tasks to assist people with emotional or psychiatric disabilities severe enough to substantially limit the person’s ability to perform at least one major life task. For example, people with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder who have difficulty coping with loud noises, or suffer from agoraphobia, might be able to use a PSD to help overcome or cope with these psychological issues.

Emotional support animals
Emotional support animals (ESA) are not trained for any specific task to assist people with any disabilities. They are not recognized as service (working) animals, but as pets that have additional value by providing emotional support and/or therapeutic benefit to a person with a verifiable mental or psychiatric disability. There are no species, size, or weight restrictions or guidelines for ESA – feasibly, these could be anything from a rabbit, snake, or ferret to a horse, as permitted by state laws.

Comparison of Service Animal and Emotional Support Animal Characteristics and Regulations.

	Service Animals	Emotional Support Animals
Definition	Individually trained to do work or perform tasks to mitigate the disability of an individual with a disability, including a physical, sensory, psychiatric, intellectual, or other mental disability.	Provide necessary emotional support to individuals with disabilities and alleviate one or more identified symptoms of a person’s disability.
Disability	Individuals with disabilities are defined as persons with a physical or mental impairment which substantially limits one or more major life activities.	Individuals with disabilities are defined as persons with a physical or mental impairment which substantially limits one or more major life activities.
What can be asked	Is this a service animal? What service/skill/task does the animal do?	The person might be requested to submit a letter from a mental health professional that addresses the question as to how the emotional support animal alleviates symptoms associated with their disability.
Type	Dog or minature horse.	Any species of animal that is permitted under state law and local ordinances.
Training	Trained to perform tasks for the benefit of an individual with a disability and to behave appropriately in public (unless they are for in-home service only).	None required
Where permmitted	All places of public accommodation — government buildings, public buildings, restaurants, taxis, public transit, etc. (Not private residences, not churches, not medical areas where public is not allowed)	Residence halls Classrooms — case-by-case basis determination Certain housing rentals, public housing Airplanes (possibly trains)
Regulations	Must be under effective control at all times Follow all state laws and local ordinances	Must be under effective control at all times Follow all state laws and local ordinances

How does US law treat these different animals?
Both service animals and PSD are covered by the ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act 2010). Under the ADA state and local governments, businesses and nonprofit organizations that serve the public must allow service animals to accompany people with disabilities in all areas of the facility where the public are allowed

On the other hand, there are no laws restricting species, size, or weight of an animal

considered an ESA. The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) views ESAs similar to other aids, such as wheelchairs, that provide a person with a disability an equal opportunity to live independently. However, the ADA does not consider the need for an ESA as a disability that warrants special accommodations. So, ESAs are only protected in airports (including airplanes under TSA rules not the ADA), and certain housing situations (under Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988 not the ADA), e.g. residence halls, rental housing, public housing. ESAs have no rights to public access.

Can I ask a person if an animal is a service animal or ESA?
Sort of. You can ask if an animal is a service animal required because of a disability. You can also ask what task the service animal has been trained to perform. If an animal is NOT trained for a specific task or set of tasks, you should assume that this animal is an ESA or pet.

What can I NOT ask?
You cannot ask what disability the animal owner has. You cannot ask to see the task demonstrated. You cannot ask to see documentation.